Chains (Cadenas).
Nos encontrábamos discutiendo animadamente acerca de si el mundo actual evoluciona en una particular dirección, o si, por el contrario, el universo perduraría en una constante renovación por toda la eternidad. «Hay algo de crucial importancia, pero no sé cómo expresarlo de la mejor manera» dije en medio de la conversación; y repentinamente, me odie por decirlo.
Déjenme decirlo de esta forma: el planeta Tierra nunca ha sido tan pequeño como en la actualidad, el acelerado desarrollo de las comunicaciones lo ha reducido; por supuesto hablando en términos relativos. Este tema había estado presente con anterioridad en nuestras conversaciones, pero nunca con tanto detalle como en esta oportunidad. Hablamos de lo rápido que cualquiera en la Tierra, puede saber en pocos minutos lo que yo o cualquier persona piensa, lo que hace, lo que quiere o lo que le gustaría hacer. Si hace años alguien me hubiera dicho que esto sería una realidad, habría pensado que solo sería posible con magia.
Hoy vivimos en un mundo de hadas. Lo único que me decepciona un poco es que esta tierra sea más pequeña de lo que pudiera ser el mundo real.
Chesterton quien retrató el mundo como un pequeño e íntimo universo, siempre estuvo negado a considerar al Cosmos como algo realmente grande. Creo que esta idea es muy particular a la luz de los acontecimientos que vivimos en esta nueva era de las comunicaciones. Mientras Chesterton renegaba de la evolución y de la tecnología, tuvo, finalmente, que verse en la obligación de admitir que el país de hadas que soñaba podría llegar a través de la revolución científica a la que tan vehementemente se opuso.
Todo se renueva, va y viene. La diferencia está en cómo se ha acelerado inusitadamente el tiempo y el espacio. Ahora mis pensamientos pueden darle la vuelta al mundo en solo unos minutos. Grandes acontecimientos de la historia pueden suceder en tan solo un par de años.
Algo debemos sacar de esta cadena de pensamientos. ¡Si sólo lo supiéramos! (Sentí que tenía todas las respuestas sobre el tema, pero creo que las he olvidado, al final parece que mis certezas fueron superadas por la duda. Quizás estuve demasiado cerca de la verdad. Cerca del Polo Norte la aguja de la brújula gira en círculos descontroladamente dando vueltas en círculo. Parece que lo mismo ocurre cuando nuestras creencias están demasiado cerca de Dios).
Un juego fascinante surgió esta discusión. Uno de nosotros propuso realizar el siguiente experimento para demostrar que la población de la tierra está ahora más cercana que nunca lo ha estado antes. Hay que seleccionar a una persona de los 1,5 billones de habitantes de la tierra, cualquiera, en cualquier lugar. La apuesta realizada consistió en tratar de contactar a esta persona a partir de no más de cinco individuos de los cuales solo uno de ellos puede ser un conocido personal. Por ejemplo: «usted conoce al Señor X.Y., pídale por favor que se ponga en contacto con el Señor Q.Z.». y así sucesivamente de persona en persona. Cada persona debe preguntar a un amigo de su círculo si conoce al Señor X.Y. y trasmitir el mensaje.
«¡Una idea interesante!» —dijo alguien— «Vamos a intentarlo ¿Podríamos contactar a Selma Lagerlöf(1)?».
«Bien, que sea Selma Lagerlöf». Quien propuso el juego respondió: «Nada sería más sencillo». Y en tan solo dos segundos dio al traste con la propuesta: «Selma Lagerlöf acaba de ganar el Premio Nobel de literatura, el cual fue anunciado por el rey Gustavo de Suecia, quien por regla general es quien le habría entregado el premio. Es bien sabido que al rey Gustavo le encanta jugar tenis y es un asiduo participante en los torneos internacionales, donde seguramente ha Jugado con el Sr. Kehrling, por lo que debemos suponer que ambos se conocen. Y resulta que yo también conozco bastante bien al Sr. Kehrling. (Quien habla es un buen tenista). Fíjense que en este caso solo necesitamos dos de los cinco enlaces, lo que no es sorprendente ya que siempre es más fácil encontrar a alguien que conoce a una figura famosa o popular que a alguna persona corriente, insignificante. ¡Venga, denme uno más difícil de resolver!».
Propuse un problema más difícil: encontrar utilizando uno de mis contactos la vinculación con un anónimo trabajador en la Compañía Ford Motor; y lo logré en tan solo en cuatro pasos. El trabajador conoce a su capataz, quien conoce al Señor Ford, quien es buen amigo del Director General del Imperio Publicitario Hearst. Yo tengo un amigo cercano el Señor Árpád Pásztor, quien recientemente habría entablado amistad con el Director de la Publicidad Hearst. Yo podría pedirle como favor a mi amigo que enviara un telegrama al Director de Hearst pidiéndole contactar al señor Ford, quien entraría en contacto con el capataz, quien le solicitaría al trabajador ensamblar un nuevo automóvil, el cual estoy necesitando.
Y así prosiguió el juego. Nuestro amigo estaba en lo correcto: nadie del grupo necesitó más de cinco eslabones de la cadena para llegar a relacionarse con una persona del Planeta sólo utilizando como método el conocimiento.
Y esto nos llevó a otra pregunta: ¿Existió alguna vez en la historia humana algún momento en el que esto hubiera sido imposible? Julio Cesar, por ejemplo, era un hombre popular, pero si a él se le hubiera ocurrido la idea de contactar con un sacerdote de una de las tribus mayas o aztecas que vivían en las Américas, en ese momento, no podría él haberlo logrado —ni en cinco pasos, y ni siquiera en trescientos—. Los europeos en esos días sabían menos sobre América y sus habitantes que ahora nosotros sabemos acerca de Marte y sus habitantes.
Así es que aquí algo importante está pasando, hay un proceso de contracción y expansión que va más allá de los cambios o las transformaciones. Algo se comprime, se reduce en tamaño, mientras que algo más fluye hacia afuera y crece. ¿Cómo es posible que toda esta expansión y crecimiento material pueda haber comenzado con una pequeña y brillante chispa que estalló en el entramado de nervios del cerebro de un ser humano primitivo hace millones de años? Y ¿cómo es posible que por ahora, este crecimiento continuo tenga la capacidad de inundarnos y reducir a cenizas el mundo físico que conocemos? ¿Es posible que la energía pueda conquistar la materia, que el alma sea una verdad más poderosa que el cuerpo, que la vida tenga un significado que sobrevive a la vida misma, que perdure más allá de la muerte, que Dios, después de todo, sea más poderoso que el diablo?
Me da vergüenza admitirlo —puede parecer absurdo— pero me he descubierto jugando este juego, conectando seres humanos como si fueran simples entidades. Me he vuelto muy bueno en eso. Es un juego inútil, por supuesto, pero creo que me he convertido en un adicto, soy como el jugador que apuesta todas sus ganancias, sabiendo que las perderá, solo por el gusto de ver las cartas de su oponente. Este extraño juego sacude constantemente mi de mente: ¿cómo puedo encadenar, con tres, cuatro, o un máximo de cinco eslabones lo trivial, lo cotidiano de la vida? ¿Cómo puedo vincular un fenómeno con otro? ¿Cómo puedo unir lo conocido y lo efímero con cosas constantes, permanentes? ¿Cómo puedo enlazar la pieza con el todo?
Sería agradable vivir, divertirse y tomar nota de la utilidad de las cosas sólo por el placer o el dolor que me causen. Por desgracia, no es posible. Espero que este juego me ayude a buscar otra cosa en los ojos que me sonríen o en lo primero que me llame la atención, algo más allá de la necesidad de acercarme a su realidad. Una persona me ama, otra me odia. ¿Por qué? ¿Por qué el amor y el odio?
Hay personas que no se entienden, pero supongo que yo si las entiendo. ¿Cómo? Alguien está vendiendo uvas en la calle mientras mi hijo está llorando en la otra sala. La esposa de un conocido lo ha engañado, como a una multitud de cientos, mientras cincuenta mil relojes Dempsey se sincronizan. La última novela de Romain Roland es criticada, mientras mi amigo Q cambia de opinión sobre el señor Y. “Ring-a-ring o' roses, a pocketful of posies….”(3). ¿Cómo puede uno construir cualquier cadena de conexiones entre estas cosas al azar, sin llenar treinta volúmenes de filosofía haciéndolo sólo con suposiciones razonables. La cadena comienza con el asunto y su último vínculo conduce a mí como la fuente de todo.
Bien, al igual que este señor, que se acercó a mi mesa en la cafetería donde ahora estoy escribiendo, quien interrumpe mis pensamientos con algún problema insignificante haciéndome olvidar lo que iba a decir. ¿Por qué tiene que venir aquí y molestarte? Mi primer enlace: a él realmente no le importa lo que pueda estar pensando la gente que se encuentra escribiendo. Mi segundo enlace: en este mundo no se aprecia el conocimiento escrito como solía hacerse hace un cuarto de siglo. La nueva cosmovisión no valora las importantes ideas que marcaron el final del siglo XIX. Pensar es en vano, hoy se desdeña el intelecto. El tercer enlace: este desprecio es la fuente de la histeria, del miedo y del terror que hoy arrasa a Europa. Y el cuarto enlace: el orden del mundo está destruido.
Bien, entonces ¡dejemos que un Nuevo Orden Mundial aparezca! ¡Dejemos que el nuevo Mesías venga al mundo! ¡Que el Dios del universo se nos muestre una vez más a través de la zarza ardiente! Dejemos que haya paz, guerra, revoluciones. Y, finalmente, aquí está el quinto enlace: ¡Que nunca más se le ocurra a alguien atreverse a molestarme mientras juego, cuando configuro los fantasmas de mi imaginación……. cuando creo!
NOTAS
(1) Novelista sueca Selma Lagerlöf (1858-1940). Recibió el Premio Nobel de literatura en 1909, fue la responsable del retorno del contemplativo romanticismo sueco. También escribió novelas para niños.(2) Béla Kehrling, (1891-1937) fue un destacado deportista húngaro. Jugador de fútbol, tenis de mesa y tenis. Reclutado por Suecia, salió victorioso en los campeonatos de tenis en 1923, tanto en interiores como al aire libre y ocupó el tercer puesto en la modalidad de dobles de Wimbledon. También jugó fútbol y hockey sobre hielo.
(3) Ring-a-ring o' roses, a pocketful of posies. Canción infantil inglesa de principios de siglo XIX (Al corro corrito. Ramos en el bolsillo. Cenizas, cenizas, nos caemos toditos!)
Frigyes Karinthy, Chains (Cadenas). (Everything is Different, 1929).
Chain-Links
We were arguing energetically about whether the world is actually evolving, headed in a particular direction, or whether the entire universe is just a returning rhythm's game, a renewal of eternity. "There has to be something of crucial importance," I said in the middle of debate. "I just don't quite know how to express it in a new way; I hate repeating myself:'
Let me put it this way: Planet Earth has never been as tiny as it is now. It shrunk - relatively speaking of course - due to the quickening pulse of both physical and verbal communication. This topic has come up before, but we had never framed it quite this way. We never talked about the fact that anyone on Earth, at my or anyone's will, can now learn in just a few minutes what I think or do, and what I want or what I would like to do. If I wanted to convince myself of the above fact: in couple of days I could be - Hocus pocus! - where I want to be.
Now we live in fairyland. The only slightly disappointing thing about this land is that it is smaller than the real world has ever been.
Chesterton praised a tiny and intimate, small universe and found it obtuse to portray the Cosmos as something very big. I think this idea is peculiar to our age of transportation. While Chesterton rejected technology and evolution, he was finally forced to admit that the fairyland he dreamed of could only come about through the scientific revolution he so vehemently opposed.
Everything returns and renews itself. The difference now is that the rate of these returns has increased, in both space and time, in an unheard-of fashion. Now my thoughts can circle the globe in minutes. Entire passages of world history are played out in a couple of years.
Something must result from this chain of thoughts. If only I knew what! (I feel as if I knew the answer to all this, but I've forgotten what it was or was overcome with doubt. Maybe I was too close to the truth. Near the North Pole, they say, the needle of a compass goes haywire, turning around in circles. It seems as if the same thing happens 10 our beliefs when we get too close 10 God.)
A fascinating game grew out of this discussion. One of us suggested performing the following experiment to prove that the population of the Earth is closer together now than they have ever been before. We should select any person from the 1.5 billion inhabitants of the Earth - anyone, anywhere at all. He bet us that, using no more than five individuals, one of whom is a personal acquaintance, he could contact the selected individual using nothing except the network of personal acquaintances. For example, "Look, you know Mr. X.Y., please ask him to contact his friend Mr. Q.Z., whom he knows, and so forth."
"An interesting idea!" – someone said – "Let's give it a try. How would you contact Selma Lagerlöf?"(1)
"Well now, Selma Lagerlöf," the proponent of the game replied, "Nothing could be easier." And he reeled off a solution in two seconds: "Selma Lagerlöf just won the Nobel Prize for Literature, so she's bound to know King Gustav of Sweden, since, by rule, he's the one who would have handed her the Prize. And it's well known that King Gustav loves to play tennis and participates in international tennis tournaments. He has played Mr. Kehrling,(2) so they must be acquainted. And as it happens I myself also know Mr. Kehrling quite well." (The proponent was himself a good tennis player.) ~AII we needed this time was two out of five links. That's not surprising since it's always easier to find someone who knows a famous or popular figure than some run-of-the-mill, insignificant person. Come on, give me a harder one to solve!"
I proposed a more difficult problem: to find a chain of contacts linking myself with an anonymous riveter at the Ford Motor Company - and I accomplished it in four steps. The worker knows his foreman, who knows Mr. Ford himself, who, in tum, is on good tennis with the director general of the Hearst publishing empire. I had a close friend, Mr. Árpád Pásztor, who had recently struck up an acquaintance with the director of Hearst publishing. It would take but one word to my friend to send a cable to the general director of Hearst asking him to contact Ford who could in tum contact the foreman, who could then contact the riveter, who could then assemble a new automobile for me, should I need one.
And so the game went on. Our friend was absolutely correct: nobody from the group needed more than five links in the chain to reach, just by using the method of acquaintance, any inhabitant of our Planet.
And this leads us to another question: Was there ever a time in human history when this would have been impossible? Julius Caesar, for instance, was a popular man, but if he had got it into his head to try and contact a priest from one of the Mayan or Aztec tribes that lived in the Americas at that time, he could not have succeeded - not in five steps, not even in three hundred. Europeans in those days knew less about America and its inhabitants than we now know about Mars and its inhabitants.
So something is going on here, a process of contraction and expansion which is beyond rhythms and waves. Something coalesces, shrinks in size, while something else flows outward and grows. How is it possible that all this expansion and material growth can have started with a tiny, glittering speck that flared up millions of years ago in the mass of nerves in a primitive human's head? And how is it possible that by now, this continuous growth has the inundating ability to reduce the entire physical world to ashes? Is it possible that power can conquer matter, that the soul makes a mightier truth than the body, that life has a meaning that survives life itself, that good survives evil as life survives death, that God, after all, is more powerful than the Devil?
I am embarrassed to admit - since it would look foolish - that I often catch myself playing our well-connected game not only with human beings, but with objects as well. I have become very good al il. It's a useless game, of course, but I think I'm addicted to it, tike a gambler who, having los1 all of his money, plays for dried beans without any hope of real gain - just to see the four colors of the cards. The strange mind-game that clatters in me all the time goes like this: how can I link, with three, four, or at most five links of the chain, trivial, everyday things of life. How can I link one phenomenon to another? How can I join the relative and the ephemeral with steady, permanent things - how can I tie up the part with the whole?
It would be nice to just live, have fun, and take notice only of the utility of things: how much pleasure or pain they cause me. Alas, it's not possible. I hope that this game will help me find something else in the eyes that smile at me or the first that strikes me, something beyond the urge to draw near to the former and to shy away from the latter. One person loves me, another hates me. Why? Why the love and the hatred?
There are two people who do not understand one another, but I'm supposed to understand both. How? Someone is selling grapes in the street while my young son is crying in the other room. An acquaintance's wife has cheated on him while a crowd of hundred and fifty thousand watches the Dempsey match, Romain Roland's (3) last novel bombed while my friend Q changes his mind about Mr. Y. Ring-a-ring o' roses, a pocketful of posies. How can one possibly construct any chain of connections between these random things, without filling thirty volumes of philosophy, making only reasonable suppositions. The chain starts with the matter, and its last link leads to me, as the source of everything.
Well, just like this gentleman, who stepped up to my table in the café where I am now writing. He walked up to me and interrupted my thoughts with some trifling, insignificant problem and made me forget what I was going to say. Why did he come here and disturb me? The first link: he doesn't think much of people he finds scribbling. The second link: this world doesn't value scribbling nearly as much as it used to just a quarter of a century ago. The famous worldviews and thoughts that marked the end of the 19th century are to no avail today. Now we disdain the intellect. The third link: this disdain is the source of the hysteria and fear and terror that grips Europe today. And so to the fourth link: the order of the world has been destroyed.
Well, then let a New World Order appear! Let the new Messiah of the world come! Let the God of the universe show himself once more through the burningbush! Let there be peace, let there be war, let there be revolutions, so that – and here is the fifth link - it cannot happen again that someone should dare disturb me when I am at play, when I set free the phantoms of my imagination, when I think!
Now we live in fairyland. The only slightly disappointing thing about this land is that it is smaller than the real world has ever been.
Chesterton praised a tiny and intimate, small universe and found it obtuse to portray the Cosmos as something very big. I think this idea is peculiar to our age of transportation. While Chesterton rejected technology and evolution, he was finally forced to admit that the fairyland he dreamed of could only come about through the scientific revolution he so vehemently opposed.
Everything returns and renews itself. The difference now is that the rate of these returns has increased, in both space and time, in an unheard-of fashion. Now my thoughts can circle the globe in minutes. Entire passages of world history are played out in a couple of years.
Something must result from this chain of thoughts. If only I knew what! (I feel as if I knew the answer to all this, but I've forgotten what it was or was overcome with doubt. Maybe I was too close to the truth. Near the North Pole, they say, the needle of a compass goes haywire, turning around in circles. It seems as if the same thing happens 10 our beliefs when we get too close 10 God.)
A fascinating game grew out of this discussion. One of us suggested performing the following experiment to prove that the population of the Earth is closer together now than they have ever been before. We should select any person from the 1.5 billion inhabitants of the Earth - anyone, anywhere at all. He bet us that, using no more than five individuals, one of whom is a personal acquaintance, he could contact the selected individual using nothing except the network of personal acquaintances. For example, "Look, you know Mr. X.Y., please ask him to contact his friend Mr. Q.Z., whom he knows, and so forth."
"An interesting idea!" – someone said – "Let's give it a try. How would you contact Selma Lagerlöf?"(1)
"Well now, Selma Lagerlöf," the proponent of the game replied, "Nothing could be easier." And he reeled off a solution in two seconds: "Selma Lagerlöf just won the Nobel Prize for Literature, so she's bound to know King Gustav of Sweden, since, by rule, he's the one who would have handed her the Prize. And it's well known that King Gustav loves to play tennis and participates in international tennis tournaments. He has played Mr. Kehrling,(2) so they must be acquainted. And as it happens I myself also know Mr. Kehrling quite well." (The proponent was himself a good tennis player.) ~AII we needed this time was two out of five links. That's not surprising since it's always easier to find someone who knows a famous or popular figure than some run-of-the-mill, insignificant person. Come on, give me a harder one to solve!"
I proposed a more difficult problem: to find a chain of contacts linking myself with an anonymous riveter at the Ford Motor Company - and I accomplished it in four steps. The worker knows his foreman, who knows Mr. Ford himself, who, in tum, is on good tennis with the director general of the Hearst publishing empire. I had a close friend, Mr. Árpád Pásztor, who had recently struck up an acquaintance with the director of Hearst publishing. It would take but one word to my friend to send a cable to the general director of Hearst asking him to contact Ford who could in tum contact the foreman, who could then contact the riveter, who could then assemble a new automobile for me, should I need one.
And so the game went on. Our friend was absolutely correct: nobody from the group needed more than five links in the chain to reach, just by using the method of acquaintance, any inhabitant of our Planet.
And this leads us to another question: Was there ever a time in human history when this would have been impossible? Julius Caesar, for instance, was a popular man, but if he had got it into his head to try and contact a priest from one of the Mayan or Aztec tribes that lived in the Americas at that time, he could not have succeeded - not in five steps, not even in three hundred. Europeans in those days knew less about America and its inhabitants than we now know about Mars and its inhabitants.
So something is going on here, a process of contraction and expansion which is beyond rhythms and waves. Something coalesces, shrinks in size, while something else flows outward and grows. How is it possible that all this expansion and material growth can have started with a tiny, glittering speck that flared up millions of years ago in the mass of nerves in a primitive human's head? And how is it possible that by now, this continuous growth has the inundating ability to reduce the entire physical world to ashes? Is it possible that power can conquer matter, that the soul makes a mightier truth than the body, that life has a meaning that survives life itself, that good survives evil as life survives death, that God, after all, is more powerful than the Devil?
I am embarrassed to admit - since it would look foolish - that I often catch myself playing our well-connected game not only with human beings, but with objects as well. I have become very good al il. It's a useless game, of course, but I think I'm addicted to it, tike a gambler who, having los1 all of his money, plays for dried beans without any hope of real gain - just to see the four colors of the cards. The strange mind-game that clatters in me all the time goes like this: how can I link, with three, four, or at most five links of the chain, trivial, everyday things of life. How can I link one phenomenon to another? How can I join the relative and the ephemeral with steady, permanent things - how can I tie up the part with the whole?
It would be nice to just live, have fun, and take notice only of the utility of things: how much pleasure or pain they cause me. Alas, it's not possible. I hope that this game will help me find something else in the eyes that smile at me or the first that strikes me, something beyond the urge to draw near to the former and to shy away from the latter. One person loves me, another hates me. Why? Why the love and the hatred?
There are two people who do not understand one another, but I'm supposed to understand both. How? Someone is selling grapes in the street while my young son is crying in the other room. An acquaintance's wife has cheated on him while a crowd of hundred and fifty thousand watches the Dempsey match, Romain Roland's (3) last novel bombed while my friend Q changes his mind about Mr. Y. Ring-a-ring o' roses, a pocketful of posies. How can one possibly construct any chain of connections between these random things, without filling thirty volumes of philosophy, making only reasonable suppositions. The chain starts with the matter, and its last link leads to me, as the source of everything.
Well, just like this gentleman, who stepped up to my table in the café where I am now writing. He walked up to me and interrupted my thoughts with some trifling, insignificant problem and made me forget what I was going to say. Why did he come here and disturb me? The first link: he doesn't think much of people he finds scribbling. The second link: this world doesn't value scribbling nearly as much as it used to just a quarter of a century ago. The famous worldviews and thoughts that marked the end of the 19th century are to no avail today. Now we disdain the intellect. The third link: this disdain is the source of the hysteria and fear and terror that grips Europe today. And so to the fourth link: the order of the world has been destroyed.
Well, then let a New World Order appear! Let the new Messiah of the world come! Let the God of the universe show himself once more through the burningbush! Let there be peace, let there be war, let there be revolutions, so that – and here is the fifth link - it cannot happen again that someone should dare disturb me when I am at play, when I set free the phantoms of my imagination, when I think!
(1) Swedish novelist Selma Lagerlöf (1858- 1940). who received the Nobel Prize for literature in 1909, was I champion of the return of Swedish rornant;c;5m with I mystical overtone. She also wrote novels for children
(2) Béla Kehrling, ( 1891-1937) was a noted. Hungarian sportsman, soccer, ping-pong and tennis player. In tennis, he emerged. victorious in 1923 in Gothenberg, Sweden., both indoors and in the open; he placed third in the Wimbledon doubles. He also played soccer and ice hockey.
(3) Romain Roland, the noted French novelist, lived from 1866 until 1944. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature in 1915. Nearly all of his works were translated into Hungarian, just as in the case of Selma Lagerlöf.
Frigyes Karinthy, Chain-Links. Translated from Hungarian and annotated by Adam Makkai Edited by Enikö Jankó.
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